Sadomasochism A Form Of Deviance Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Sadomasochism: A Form Of Deviance SADOMASOCHISM: A Form Of Deviance Sadomasochism is a sexually deviant behavior that is practiced by many people within todays society. It is the combination of two paraphilias, sadism and masochism, which are usually always linked together. An occasional mild or light form of sadomasochism (or Ss sexuality, that is when he or she is considered deviant. Unlike other paraphilias, sadomasochism includes a large population of women as well as men. They are nearly equally balanced in number. A paraphilia known as masochism is characterized by the desire or need to inflict pain and or humiliation, so that sexual arousal and fulfillment may be achieved. The term masochism refers to an Austrian historian and author, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), who wrote various stories of male submissiveness. These stories consisted of men who received sexual pleasure by having their female partners inflict pain upon them (Ernulf&Innala, p635). A masochist may receive sexual gratification from several different types of pain and or humiliation. Some of these types may include being spanked, being whipped, being made to perform humiliating acts, being rudely insulted, being blindfolded, being disciplined, and being restrained (Rathus, Nevid, where discipline refers to psychological restraining, such as control, training, and nonphysical punishment (Ernulfs hands to choke their partner once consent is given. This practice is dangerous and can possibly even result in a tragic death (Rathus, Nevid, &Fichner-Rathus, p545-546). Masochisms counterpart, sadism, is the complete opposite for many reasons. Sadism is a parphilia, which is characterized by the association of sexual satisfaction with the infliction of pain or humiliation onto others. The term sadism refers to a French author and philosopher, Marquis de Sade (17401814). Marquis de Sade wrote stories of people who became sexually aroused by inflicting pain or humiliation on others. Some of his best known works are Justine (published in 1791) and Juliette (published in 1797). A sadist receives sexual gratification by role-playing. They usually play the authority figure who inflicts pain, humiliates, disciplines, and plays master to another person (Ernulf&Innala, p637). Most sadists hurt and humiliate willing partners who are usually masochists. A small minority of sadists may even attempt to stalk and attack their unwilling victims. This is a very dangerous and harmful to its participants. In fact, Sigmund Freud wrote extensively on sadism. In his res earch, he recognized its existence in the individual and tried to explain it and understand it further. The sexuality of most men, shows an admixture of aggression, of a desire to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in the necessity for overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by actions other than mere courting. Sadism would correspond to an aggressive component of the sexual instinct, which has become independent and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement (Freud, p569). Through his works, it is shown that the average person may have sadist tendencies in him, but more often than not it is not a dominating aspect of his personality. When we combine sadism and masochism together, we arrive with the term sadomasochism (more commonly called S&M). S&M is a mutually gratifying sexual interaction between consenting sex partners, in which sexual arousal is associated with the inflicting and receiving of pain or humiliation (Rathus, Nevid, &Fichner-Rathus, p546). Most participants in sadomasochism usually participate on both sides of the spectrum. They often switch roles at different times during certain rituals. Usually, the person who is in a submissive role will play in that role for the remainder of the ritual. Then for the next ritual, he or she might

Access to affordable health care for Americans Essays

Access to affordable health care for Americans Essays Access to affordable health care for Americans Paper Access to affordable health care for Americans Paper Access to affordable health care for Americans has been mentioned, discussed and debated in every presidential campaign since the Nixon era. The debate still rages on between various governmental bodies and advocates for public health care. Central to the debate, at least the poster child for the debate, is the proposed expansion of publicly funded health care for children. It seems simple enough that children should be able to go to the doctor when they are sick. But the controversy about the expansion of health care for children stems from the question of at what family income level is it appropriate to provide health care at taxpayer expense? And also the broader question, is it appropriate to provide government funded taxpayer supported health care to others, not just certain qualifying children, but to all U.S. citizens as a matter of public policy? The State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) began in 1997 to address the problem of children without health insurance. Designed as a state/federal partnership the basis of its intent was to provide health insurance for children in families that did not qualify for Medicaid but also could not afford private health insurance. SCHIP was initially designed to provide health insurance coverage to targeted low income children. A low income child is defined as a child who is part of a family with income below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level or whose family has an income 50% higher than the state’s Medicaid eligibility income level. There are similar programs to SCHIP in most states which extend health care insurance coverage free or at no cost to adult relatives of qualifying children. Politicians and the media decry government funded health insurance as a move towards socialism. The benefits of government funded health insurance, also called single payer or universal coverage health insurance, over private health insurance is also part of the debate. Many Americans have a bias against â€Å"socialized medicine† believing that the quality of medical care would deteriorate if we were to have socialized medicine in the United States. Detractors of socialized medicine seem to routinely forget that, socialized medicine is alive and well in the United States, it is just that not everyone is covered by it. Both the Medicare and the Medicaid programs neatly fit within the definition of socialized medicine. Health insurance coverage paid for through tax dollars for the benefit of individuals who do not have to pay for their medical services out of pocket. For some services, such as a doctor’s visit there may be a very small co-pay, like two dollars, most services are free of charge to the covered individual. Is it true that single payer health insurance, universal coverage, delivers a lower quality of health care than private health insurance?   Apparently not true. Jonathon Cohn wrote in a 2007 article for â€Å"The Republic† that the arguments against universal health coverage fall apart quickly once the issues are closely examined. Cohn states that patients in Massachusetts and California are waiting much longer for routine services than patients in France and Germany. Also if the European style of health coverage is so bad, why is it that new mothers in France are kept in the hospital for four days following delivery and sent home in less than two in the United States? Yet another argument asserted to discredit universal health care insurance is that patients no longer have access to the newest medical technology once the services are meted out by the government. Japan, another country with universal health care insurance, has, by far, more MRI machines per capita than exist in the United States. The U.S. also regularly scores poorly on international comparisons relating to health care around the world. (Cohn, 2008). The issue of universal health care insurance in the U.S. has long been a political hot potato. After Bill Clinton was elected President, Hillary Clinton, as first lady attempted to put together a universal health care coverage plan. It failed. Barack Obama as state senator from Illinois worked to pass expanded health coverage in that state. On the campaign trail for President, 2008, Obama, first supported a universal health care coverage agenda, but later diluted that goal. A 2007 report by two health policy analysts puts the need for some kind of   plan for Americans to access affordable health care in perspective. In Pennsylvania of 2,240,000 individuals; more than 20% of individuals too young for Medicare will spend 10% of their gross incomes on health care in 2008. And, of those 2,240,000, 601,000 are in families that will spend more that 25% of their gross income on health care in 2008. The vast majority of all of these individuals, over 80%, have health insurance. (Bailey McCarthy, 2007).

Introduction to business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to business - Essay Example While the first wave of public management reforms happened between 1979 and 1999, the turn of the millennia has shown increased reforms aimed at better servicing the public. The example of the way in which government employees are put into a culture of purpose, a social contract in which pay is only a part of the reward system, shows the way that reforms of the conservatism that hampered the system are being healed. The public management field is concerned with the areas of interest that are defined by the needs of the public. In order to fully understand this field, it is important to have definitive understanding of what the word public means. According to Bovaird and Loffler (2009), public refers to â€Å"collective choice and activity† in which â€Å"it has the ultimate responsibility for constituting a society as a political community which has the capacity to make public choices† (p. 5). The concerns of the public are the concerns of creating a community in which the needs of the individual are addressed in such a way that they best benefit the needs of the community as a whole. One of the prime concerns for public management is increasing the value of the money that is spent in serving the public, in creating the best possible result for the least amount of money in order to create the broadest number of services. In understanding the services of public management, it is beneficial to contrast it to the purposes of public administration and governance. Public administration is concerned with holding the budget, with administering the finances and how they are spent Governance is concerned with determining the structures through which decisions will be made and judging if those structures have been effectively followed. Both of these types of control are determined a great deal by the way in which the public perceives the effectiveness of their application (Bovaird and Loffler 2009 p. 6). Public management is concerned with managing the need s of the public through efficient use of the funds that are available so that the most people see the best and greatest amount of benefit. An example of the difference is shown by Bovaird and Loffler (2009) through a simplified consideration. When considering the topic of clean streets, governance is concerned with the actions of the citizens in preventing further littering, while management will be concerned with how to improve street cleaning services (p. 9). While this is a very simplified version of the differences, those differences can be viewed through the lens of this example. In the year 1999, Pollitt and Bouckaert wrote about the need for public management reforms. There are five areas of interest that define the reasons that reform was called for during this time. The examples of public management within Finland and Sweden could not be reached due to differences in the structure of the United Kingdom. The first difference that is remarked upon is that the U.K. reflects a deeper complexity of political governance. The second difference is within the per capita wealth of the country. The third concept is within the capital growth within the country. The fourth is within the differences that can be appreciated general governance expenditure. The final aspect that must be considered when approaching reforms in order to reflect the nature of the U.K. social and political structure is in the wide variations in wage and price increases

Nurses Attitudes towards Euthanasia Research Paper - 1

Nurses Attitudes towards Euthanasia - Research Paper Example Nurses must deal with these problems keeping in mind the legal and professional implications of making any decision. A nurse must constantly combine â€Å"ethical reasoning and clinical judgment† (Nelson. 2006).   Medicine and advances in science and technology have led to an improvement in the quality of life and have resulted in the prolongation of the lifespan of an average person. This, in turn, leads us to one of the biggest ethical debates that nurses face and that is with respect to the withdrawal of care leading to a patient’s death or euthanasia. In Belgium and the Netherlands, laws declare that euthanasia is legal â€Å"under carefully delineated circumstances† and the Belgian euthanasia act defines it as the â€Å"administration of lethal drugs at the explicit request of the patient with the explicit intention of shortening the patient’s life† (Berghes, Casterle, & Gastmans, 2005). Nurses are involved in end of life care and its withdrawal or administration of lethal drugs internationally and so their position in this ethical debate is very important and brings them to the front stage. End of life care poses ethical dilemmas for nurses because it is hard for them to witness suffering and they have the urge to end it. In addition, there are inadequate resources like few hospital beds in the Intensive Care Unit, different value judgments and the moral distress in ending a person’s life despite their request for the nurse to do so (Oberle, Hughes, 2001). This debate has ethical, cultural, religious, moral, and legal nuances that add to the nurses’ distress.   The key element in this debate is the fact that autonomy is very important as stated in the Belgian euthanasia act too.

Starbucks, the Global Coffeemaker Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Starbucks, the Global Coffeemaker - Assignment Example 15 List of Tables Critical Success Facgtors 1. Introduction This paper will provide a strategic analysis on the popular brand Starbucks within the business environment of the United States. The focus is the U.S. and International segments which are responsible for company-operated and licensed stores. Also included in the classification of International segment are food service accounts stationed in Canada and the U.K. When Starbucks started its humble beginning, Starbucks founder Howard Shultz said that they wanted to change how people lived their lives. The company has transformed gourmet coffee into a primary food product along with a new American coffee shop (Thompson and Arsel, 2004, p. 631). This innovative company manufactures and directly sells coffee and tea, but its specialties are beverages from roasted whole bean coffee and tea. It operates owned- and leased-stores in many parts of the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe, and the whole world. (MarketWatch, 2012) Starbucks’ model of cafe is unique but it has tapped the coffee lovers’ segment, which is not actually a segment per se since everyone loves coffee. The company has penetrated major developed markets (Canada, China, Japan, Britain, and continental Europe, and even countries in South East Asia). It has conquered coffee lovers and Rome. Starbucks suffered some setbacks when the founder and CEO Howard Shultz stepped down in 2000 to act as chairman. Shares went down and the company was about to collapse had it not for the comeback of Shultz who had to start the company all over again, in Schultz’s words â€Å"own the mistakes† (Harvard Business Review, 2004) and... This paper approves that the management and choice of location of the various coffee houses and stores of Starbucks were distinct and unique for Starbucks. They have an almost excellent choice of location and management is customer-focus. Retail locations are also management properly and are of strategic location. The most important is the supply chain – every product and service is readily available and reaches the various branches within and outside the United States on time. This report makes a conclusion that supply chain management is handled by expert managers and Starbucks’ handling of supply chain operations is superior to its competitors. Their delivery trucks and other means of transportation to transport their products reach their destinations on time, whether this be inside the United States or to various branches worldwide. This makes its strength surpassed its weakness. It values its own people and the people it serves – including the community. This was displayed when Howard Shultz revived the company to enhance the integrity of their assets, which are the company values, culture and guiding principles, gaining once again the trust and confidence of the people and its stakeholders. Manufacturing and distribution are major components of the supply chain, and this Starbucks is good at. Their perfect handling of these processes allow them to have a strong inventory and a strong plus over their rivals McDonald’s or Dunkin Donuts. Although these two have food as additional products to entice customers, Starbucks has perfected the coffee business. It may take a long time before competitors will be able to take hold of Starbucks’ advantage.

The Use Of Market Research Marketing Essay

The Use Of Market Research Marketing Essay Introduction The use of market research is essential to marketers as it is a descriptive and diagnostic tool that allows marketers to understand the complexities of the market. It forms a very important component of market strategy and solving specific market problems. The use of both quantitative and qualitative research methods results in decisions that can take the form of marketing plans and strategies. These results ultimately influence the outcomes of strategic marketing decisions and outcomes that match the marketing goals. The application of these two research methods have different uses as quantitative research methods focuses on statistical data and in which surveys and questionnaires are commonly used. Qualitative research methods focus on the reasons behind behaviours such as why and look to target the attitudes and emotions behind the behaviours that quantitative research often shows ,with focus groups and interviews often being used. The results from these methods are often linked t o the practical use of research methods as results can vary depending on the size, quality, type of method and the skill of the practitioner. The roles of these two research methods and their practical application in finding valid results in market research will be supported below through journal articles and references, which will further show the importance that the effective use of market research methods in various situations is essential in finding valid results that are fundamentally important to marketers today. Overview of research methods and their uses Traditional methods of market research often focused on quantitative results and practices, which although were adequate in finding valid research results, could not adapt well to the changing market and business environments during the 1950s and 60s and in turbulent market situations at the time. It was clear that research methods needed to be improved and as noted in Wilson (1952), The application of qualitative methods would allow a more informed opinion to be gathered on the market, which would be well suited to the changing market situations at the time. Despite the value that qualitative research can bring, there is still a general trend in the dominance of Quantitative methods used by marketers and even in academia where qualitative methods are seen by some with ambivalence and a field with which successful people do not want to be associated with. Ruyter Scholl (1998). Due to this prevailing dominance among marketers, most market research carried out by contemporary organisa tions usually is a triangulation or combination of primarily quantitative techniques with some secondary qualitative methods to complement the research results. Ruyter Scholl (1998). Qualitative methods are best used when conducting exploratory research, when businesses need to understand the behaviour of consumers and formulate ideas and theories as to why consumers think in particular ways. To substantiate qualitative results, Quantitative techniques are used to provide hard evidence behind these ideas and theories and to represent numerically and statistically the resulting research outcomes. Not all marketers however triangulate these techniques and most will only use a methodology which is most appropriate in solving the research problem. Effectiveness in finding valid research results While both these methods have uses in finding valid research results, the variation in defining the research problems throughout various organisations means that the most appropriate methodology and research design should be used to ensure valid results , rather than results that would lack meaning through a bias in using a particular research method. As pointed out in Seymour (1989) , research techniques and their thoughtful application can be the vehicle by which we progress to wisdom. That is, the real worth of a technique is embedded in its ability to produce useful information (i.e., wisdom) in response to a specific problem. Seymour (1989). To ensure that results from market research is valid , a triangulation of methods and techniques should be considered and applied to the research of relevant markets and situations which would ensure results that are both valid, and paint a clear picture of the market environment. This triangulation of methods successful use in finding valid results is seen in Kitchell (1995) where the study conducted attempted to find the links between the importance of a strong corporate culture and the adoption of new technology in conjunction with the issues faced with maintaining a competitive position. This was undertaken with both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Both methods results were broadly consistent with each other in finding that fostering a stronger corporate culture allowed a more stable innovation and technology adoption which led to long term survival and adaption in market environments. This study has shown insights into how both qualitative and quantitative data can mutually enrich each other in market research as this triangulation of methods allowed valid research outcomes that would not have been seen if only one research method was primarily utilized. The results seen in this study correlate with those undertaken by Deshpande (1983) which explains that more valid results can be seen in market research with a combination of aspects between quantitative and qualitative methodologies. While using a triangulation of methods, the weaknesses and strengths of each technique would be compensated by the strengths of the other method. Deshpande (1983). Although using a triangulation of methods can typically produce valid and meaningful research results, extensive use of these techniques can be limited to firms with considerable budgets than most. To ensure effective results, defining the research problem and identifying the circumstances to which further research is needed is just as important as choosing the most effective methods suited towards the market environment. Outlined in Goodman (1995), the use of Qualitative techniques can be well suited to theory construction and exploratory market research, which can be seen in his subsequent study of small businesses in a changing market environment. In a study of three small businesses facing changing market conditions and extreme price erosion, qualitative research techniques were largely employed to determine achievable market strategies. It found that the exploratory nature of their research conducted through focus groups and depth interviews, allowed them to anticipate changes in customer-value perceptions and benchmark themselves against competitors. This successful use of qualitative techniques in this study shows that this methodological approach was particularly well suited towards finding and generating theories in a changing market environment, which was noted above in early qualitative research literature in Wilson (1952). In finding valid results through various methods, it is clear that marketers must not confine themselves through techniques that are only partially appropriate in solving the research problem. The studies noted above successfully found valid results as a result of their methodologies being used effectively due to the nature of the research problem and their applicability in these situations. However as noted in Cahill (1996) , both qualitative and quantitative methods do not have universal applicability and as such, either method might not be suitable for a variety of situations. This means that marketers who entirely use methods of theory verification (quantitative methods) almost exclusively in situations where theory discovery (qualitative methods) was more appropriate, Deshpande(1983), are limiting the validity and reliability of their results by not applying the most appropriate method in solving the research problem .An effective use of market research techniques would be by triangulating aspects of research methodologies and also the choice of a specific technique on whether a quantitative or qualitative method should be decided by the nature of the management and research problems. Seymour (1989).This would eventuate in valid and meaningful results that serve to help the marketer understand the needs of the consumer and market. Limitations of Research methods While both quantitative and qualitative methods have their established uses among marketers, the limitations of each method in finding valid results can be reflected in the essence of these methods. As the quantitative paradigm is firmly placed within the scientific model, the resulting research outcomes are limited to numerical data that can be quantified and summarized into objective hard data. Results gathered by this particular method emphasise reliability and validity, which makes this a dominant method that marketers commonly use throughout the research process. Because of these factors that make up the essence of quantitative research, the use of this method in finding valid research results is limited to validating established theories and the relationships between variables, but also can substantiate qualitative results through a triangulated methodology. Results accumulated from quantitative research are not suited towards theory generation and gaining insight and as such, marketers solely employing this method will miss out on the value that qualitative methods can bring. However, when involved in research that does not need as much insights or deeper data into defining the research problem, quantitative methods can be effective in analysing large amounts of data as outlined in Montgomery (2001). A successful application of quantitative methods was seen when solving internet marketing problems outlined in this study; however the skill of the practitioner in conducting the research was commonly cited as the factor that allowed valid research outcomes. While this study demonstrated a successful primary use of quantitative methods, the limitations of using qualitative methods in defining the same research problem would not be practical as analysing large swathes of data is not an effective use of qualitative methods. This contrast between both quantitative and qualitative methods, reflect the limitations of solely using one of these methods as the natur e of the results produced from each will be fundamentally different. As discussed in Johansson Nonaka(1987), many Japanese market researchers during the 1980s much preferred research that was hands-on and interactive with consumers , and favoured qualitative data which allowed them to gain a distinctive feel for the market. While these qualitative methods lacked the scientific precision of quantitative methods, Japanese firms still had an unequivocal advantage over western based firms as their exclusively qualitative and hands-on methods allowed them to understand consumer behaviour to the point where they were outstripping rival western based firms. However like most western firms looking to increasingly adopt qualitative methods into their research, the Japanese firms are realising that in order to diversify their product ranges in the market they will need to use quantitative methods to ensure entries into newer markets. Johansson Nonaka (1987). This focus on one methodological approach by the Japanese firms, coupled with their extreme focus on their existing products, can represent limitations into finding valid results as their narrow approach would disallow much confirming or validation of theories attained from their qualitative research, especially when entering new markets. Despite these limitations, it can be argued that the Japanese approach to market research allowed them to understand consumer behaviour in such a way that they were able to achieve valid research results even more reliable than western based quantitative methodologies. The limitations of both methods in finding valid results for marketers, has clearly shown that to overcome the relative weaknesses inherent in each method, an effective use of triangulated research methodologies is essential to finding valid research results. Conclusions As evidenced above, valid results in marketing are commonly seen with a triangulation of methodologies and techniques which pertain to the nature of the research problem. The limitations of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be compensated by using a triangulated research process, in which the weakness that is evident in each method will be overcome by the strengths of a triangulated methodology. However, marketers dominant use of quantitative methods in their research to which can be only partially appropriate in solving a research problem, serve to limit the reliability for research results that could otherwise be improved through a triangulated methodology. Likewise, it can be said that the dominant use of qualitative methods by Japanese firms could be further enhanced by the integration of quantitative methods into their research which serves to ease the entry into newer markets. The market environment and the nature of the research problem can also affect resear ch outcomes as the method employed can only be somewhat applicable to the nature of the research problem, in which inadequate results may be seen. Furthermore, it is evident that to ensure valid results in market research, it is recommended that a triangulation of methods be used in the most applicable nature of the research problem and environment.

Native American Relations with The United States Essay -- Exploratory

Native American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six time periods that define clear changes in the relationship between the Native American and the US Government. Formative period 1780 -1825 One of the critical tasks that faced the new nation of the United States was establishing a healthy relationship with the Native Americans (Indians). â€Å"The most serious obstacle to peaceful relations between the United States and the Indians was the steady encroachment of white settlers on the Indian lands. The Continental Congress, following [George] Washington’s suggestion, issued a proclamation prohibiting unauthorized settlement or purchase of Indian land.† (Prucha, 3) Many of the Indian tribes had entered into treaties with the French and British and still posed a military threat to the new nation. The new US Government was careful not to antagonize the Indians and sought to treat them with mutual respect. This is evidenced in early treaties where the term â€Å"Red Brothers† was used to convey this sentiment of equality. By 1800 interaction between the Indian and white settlers had become quite common through trade. Many Indians traded for household goods, traps and tools. The US became concerned about the cultural differences and sought to improve the Indian station in life by providi... ...ll as the opportunity like the Seminole to develop a culture rich in tradition and assimilation that fosters a self-reliant people. Sources Cited American Indian Research and Policy Institute, â€Å"Framework of tribal sovereignty†, URL: http://www.airpi/org/marge1.html, 1998 Bailey Thomas A., Kennedy David M, The American Pageant: A History of the Republic 10th ed , Lexington, Massachusetts, D.C. Heath and Company,1994. Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, New York, Bantam Press,1970 Josephy, Alvin M, The American Heritage Book of Indians, New York, American Heritage Publishing Co,1961 Prucha, Francis Paul, Documents of United States Indian Policy, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press,1990 Schlesinger, Arthur M, The Almanac of American History, New York,Brompton Books Corporation,1993